Author: Peter Gullace

Gladiator (2000) Film and Reflection

Gladiator (2000) Film and Reflection

The movie Gladiator is set during the Roman Empire in 180 AD and begins with General Maximus leading his troops against Germanic tribes, establishing his popularity and skills as a commander.  The emperor Marcus Aurelius confides in Maximus that he will not name his son Commodus as his successor, having Maximus succeed him instead.  Commodus finds out and kills Marcus Aurelius, arresting Maximus who later escapes to find that Commodus has burned and crucified his family.  Taken by slavers, Maximus is sold to a gladiator school in north Africa where he quickly makes a name for himself before being taken to Rome to participate in Commodus’ 150 days of games.  Maximus, fighting with other gladiators in Commodus’ games, gains the admiration of the Roman public.  Commodus feels threatened by this, repeatedly sending Maximus to fight in seemingly unwinnable events.  Maximus is brought into a plot to overthrow Commodus by Lucilla, Commodus’ sister, and the senator Gracchus (no relation).  This fails and Maximus is made to fight Commodus, killing him despite being injured by the emperor beforehand.  Before dying of his wounds, Maximus requests for the freeing of the other slaves who helped him as well as the senators involved in the plot against Commodus and their reinstatement to the Senate.  Here, Maximus is carrying out Marcus Aurelius’ wish to return Rome to a republic.

A central theme in this movie is the Roman concept of dignitas represented by the fight over prestige between Maximus and Commodus.  Initially, Commodus’ status as an emperor, as well as his holding of the games, gives him access to high standing and respect among Romans.  Maximus grows his dignitas by repeatedly winning against the odds and sparing one of his opponents, earning him the title “Maximus the Merciful.”  This angers Commodus who is unable to have him executed in the arena as, because of Maximus’ dignitas and prestige among ordinary Romans, it would reflect poorly on the emperor.  Maximus’ dignitas also makes him a desirable ally for Gracchus, who needs the gladiator’s popularity with the army to march on Rome and overthrow Commodus.  In the end, Commodus’ lowered dignitas also affects his auctoritas, as his subordinate who had helped him seize power refuses to give the emperor another sword in his fight against Maximus, leading to his death.  By the time the movie ends, Maximus’ authority and power to command is greater than Commodus’.

Week of Living Philosophically

Week of Living Philosophically

While I was participating in the stoicism activities for my second Week of Living Philosophically (WoLP), the concept of understanding what is in our power stood out as especially important to the philosophy.  Learning about this has been the most helpful part of my experience during my WoLP.  Learning how to adjust my actions to focus on what was under my control influenced my approach to all of the stoic meditation tasks for the rest of the week in terms of acting rationally.  This concept connects to the idea of self-control and moderation, as it guided how I moderated irrational desires and emotions throughout the week.  Emotions are not antithetical to stoicism, as they can still dictate actions in a beneficial way.  Instead, it is important to focus on rational emotions that will not lead you to excessive self-indulgence or irrational behavior that is ultimately not constructive and doesn’t positively affect any outcome in a desirable way.  This is because Stoicism is not about the absence of emotions, but rather about achieving a fulfilling and meaningful life through rational actions.  Consequently, appropriate reactions shaped my approach to the week’s activities, making me reevaluate a lot of decisions I would normally make without much thought.

I incorporated the idea of control into my morning and evening meditations.  In the morning, I would consider what was bothering me ahead of my day.  Usually, it would involve anxieties about work or other responsibilities.  I then considered what I could reasonably do in a day while accepting that I would not be able to complete everything immediately.  This helped me set priorities and focus on a few responsibilities at once, managing irrational stress and anxiety.  In the evening, I would consider if I had focused only on what I had planned to do, or whether I let myself get overwhelmed with anxieties that I couldn’t control.  Writing my thesis through this was interesting, but also helpful, as I was able to accept that other assignments would have to be completed at a later date without feeling too self-critical about this fact.  I used this method to stay focused on the task at hand.

After learning about the stoic approach to nature and the natural world, it is easy to see how misconceptions about stoicism became so popular.  Considering our place in the universe as a small part of a larger natural system can easily be misconstrued as apathy when, in reality, I think that it relates more to the stoic sense of power and controlling what we can.  Rather than acting robotically and without emotion, stoicism is about understanding our individual place in this larger system.  Following this, irrational emotions like anger and jealousy seem a lot less important in comparison.  This connects to the communal aspect of stoicism and our relationships with other people.  I understood this as recognizing that others may harbor these feelings while at the same time being able to accept this fact in a way that doesn’t interfere with your personal relationship in a negative way.  I see this as more empathetic than what I had imagined stoicism to be.  Again, I think that it is important to distinguish empathy from apathy, as this approach emphasizes understanding among friends as a way to demonstrate caring as opposed to being generally dismissive or disinterested because of a lack of care.

Spartacus (1960): Rome’s Last Slave Revolt

Spartacus (1960): Rome’s Last Slave Revolt

Spartacus (1960) follows the story of a Thracian slave named Spartacus as he is traded to the owner of a gladiator school before leading an initially successful, but ultimately doomed slave revolt against Rome. The movie opens with Spartacus getting punished for helping another slave and biting a Roman guard in the ankle before being sold to Batiutus, the owner of a gladiator school. Here, Spartacus trains with other slaves before, upon the request of Crassus’ guests, being forced to fight to the death with three other gladiators. His opponent, Draba, refuses to kill him and unsuccessfully attacks Crassus instead. Following this, the gladiators revolt as Batiutus flees the school with Spartacus’ love interest, Varinia. Spartacus leads them as they loot Roman properties, slowly gaining followers and growing their army before eventually reuniting with Varinia. The Senate initially underestimates the revolt, as Glabrus, commanding the garrison of Rome, is surprised and defeated. In a political battle with senator Gracchus in Rome, Crassus initially takes responsibility for recommending Glabrus’ command before he is requested to crush the revolt himself. Crassus, bribing the pirates Spartacus has paid to escape the Italian peninsula with, beats Spartacus’ army in a final battle. Crassus, unable to remember Spartacus from the gladiator school, asks the remaining survivors to identify their commander, leading to the famous “I am Spartacus” scene. Eventually, Crassus is able to identify Spartacus and his former slave, Antoninus, who has become Spartacus’ friend. Upon Crassus’ request, the two fight to the death, with Spartacus killing Antoninus to spare him the fate of crucifixion. In Rome, Gracchus buys Varinia from Batiutus before freeing her, getting revenge on Crassus. Leaving Rome, Varinia and Batiutus see a near-death Spartacus crucified by the Appian Way. The movie ends with Spartacus meeting his son, as the gladiator dies with the knowledge that he and Varinia are free.

While watching this movie, I was constantly reminded of the Roman conception of friendship. When Crassus summons Batiutus to help him understand and identify Spartacus, Batiutus seems to expect compensation for this gesture. This is reflective of the transactional nature of friendship in Rome. This traditional sense of friendship is also present in the relationship between the pirate and Spartacus, as their friendliness is driven by trust and their relationship as business partners. Gracchus also appears friendly, although it becomes apparent that this friendship is motivated by alliances that he hopes will further his political goals. The movie, while fiction, is based on the events of the Third Servile War from 73-71 BCE largely told from the perspective of Spartacus as it follows his life as a slave and then leader of the revolting army. While there were a lot of historical inaccuracies, like Crassus’ appointment to consul before the end of the war, and emphasis on minor or unmentioned characters, like Glabrus, Julius Caesar, and Gracchus, the movie still used an event we don’t know many details about to tell an interesting story.

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